Discuss How Theories of Human Growth and Development Can...

Discuss how theories of human growth and development can help understand human behaviour. Human growth and development is studied and researched with differing perspectives. There are many ways human growth and development can be looked at. Certain disciplines, such as, biology, psychology and sociology all have opposing viewpoints on the subject. The psychological viewpoint concentrates on the different processes of the mind, whereas, the biological approach is centred on genetics and environmental factors. The sociological viewpoint, however, focuses on individual thoughts and feelings as being socially constructed (Beckett and Taylor, 2010). Human growth and development is researched across the whole lifespan, however, for this†¦show more content†¦For example, according to Hart, Blincow and Thomas, resilient therapy may help a child in gaining good relationships with family and friends by tapping into good influences and finding place for that child to belong. Resilient therapy recognises the importance of attachment theory and aims for the affected child to feel a sense of family cohesion. According to Hart, Blincow and Thomas,in providing a resilient mechanism, two things are achieved. Firstly, a sense of belonging, as this is protective and gives children a secure base to attend; psychologically, when feeling under threat. Secondly, with children experiencing a self of belonging somewhere, they are better equipped in facing rejection elsewhere. Further to the attachment theory, Bowlby derived the term maternal deprivation, (Bowlby, 1959). Bowlby identified the first two years of a child’s life as the most critical time for bonding. Bowlby hypothesised that if there was a lack of parent and caregiver bonding by the age of 2 then maternal deprivations may result in the child suffering psychological damages that may be irreversible. According to Bowlby, children who suffered maternal deprivation at a young age may often become incapable of expressing empathetic emotions and affection later into their adult life. In addition to Bowlbys ideas;Show MoreRelatedPsychological Perspectives Of Human Behavior1542 Words   |  7 PagesOutline and evaluate at least three psychological perspectives of human behaviour. The purpose of this essay is to outline and evaluate at least three psychological perspectives of human behaviour. The three approaches that will be summarised are humanistic, social learning theory and the Biological approach. They will also be criticised and compared to one another. A brief description on psychology will occur, and there will also be a short summarisation on some key early influences of psychologyRead MorePersonality, Cognitive, And Humanistic Perspectives Essay1373 Words   |  6 Pageslooks at how a person interacts with the world around them and with other people. 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These include social, linguistic, cognitive, socio-cognitive, and cultural aspects. However, it is clear that play is an extremely important and integral aspect of a child’s development as it creates and preserves friendships. There are many types of play that children participate in. Types of play includeRead MoreHow Psychology Can Become A Lifelong Career Essay1079 Words   |  5 PagesLearni ng the basics about human behaviour and mental processes fascinated me, and from there I began to explore the ways psychology could become a lifelong career. Fast-forward seven years and I have witnessed this passion flourish through the completion of my Bachelor of Arts Honours degree in Psychology and my Developmental Services Worker (DSW) Diploma. 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The Effects Of Alcohol On The Heart Rate Of Daphnia Magna

ABSTRACT This report presents the physiological changes in the heart rate of a fresh water crustacean Daphnia magna when exposed to caffeine and alcohol. Different Daphnia magnas were placed in a depression slide containing fresh water and later exposed to solutions of caffeine and alcohol. Each Daphnia magna had different responses. These data suggest there is an increase in heart rate when a Daphnia magna is exposed to caffeine and a decrease in heart rate when it is in a solution of alcohol. LAB REPORT Title: Physiological Changes in the Heart Rate of Daphnia magna When Exposed to Stimulants (Caffeine and Alcohol). Prepared for: Professor Samantha Snavely By: Carolyn Omar Iduh June 27, 2015 Introduction The inverse effects between the consumption of stimulant like caffeine and depressant like alcohol has been well established over the years. Alcohol has a paradoxical effect that makes it first appear as a stimulant (American heart association, 2015). The two faced nature is due to ethanol the most active ingredient in alcohol. Alcohol slows down the nervous system by acting on the brain’s inhibitory neurotransmitter called gamma-aminobutyric acid. Studies have shown Bradycardia (slow or decreased heart rate) in people who consume too much alcohol (ehealthMe, 2015). Drinking alcohol can completely alter a person’s concentration, mood, and coordination (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2013). Too much consumption of alcohol couldShow MoreRelatedEffects Of The Heart Rate From Caffeine And Ethanol1137 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferences of the heart rate from caffeine and ethanol. By understanding the topic, it can be proven that these drugs affect organisms in a certain way, such as the heart rate. The information, collected following the experiment, can be inferred in recognizing the way our body responds to chemicals when drinking coffees and colas. The experiment was conducted by inducing the species Daphnia magna to both caffeine and ethanol, while being compared to a controlled group. Daphnia magna are small crustaceansRead MoreLab Report Daphnia1855 Words   |  8 PagesEffects of Alcohol, Caffeine, and Temperature on the Heart Rate of Daphnia magna Joseph Ezra Gallo BY124L MW 8:30-11:30 Introduction Ectothermic animals are animals whose body temperature is affected by their surroundings. This means that if the environment is cold the animal will be cold. If the environment is warm the animal will be warm. This is because the animal doesn’t have the capability of regulating its body systems to keep a constant body temperature. When an ectothermic animal isRead MoreScientific Paper on a Water Flea751 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effects of Alcohol and Caffeine on the Heartbeat Rate in Daphnia Magnus ï ¿ ¼ Erika Huizenga Ashley Kofahl The Effects of Alcohol and Caffeine on the Heartbeat Rate in Daphnia Magnus Abstract The projects purpose was to determine the effects of alcohol and caffeine on the heartbeat rate in Daphnia Magnus. Our hypothesis is alcohol causes a decrease in heart rate, whereas caffeine causes an accelerated heart rate, predicting that the more caffeine we give the daphnia the faster itRead MoreAdipic Acid43555 Words   |  175 Pagesimport amount in 2004 reached 173 700 tonnes, an increase of 30.2% over 2003. The import amount of adipic acid has increased at an annual rate of over 30% for four consecutive years and the dependence on import has reached more than 50% (Xudong Zhang, 2005). Due to the high demand on import, the market price of adipic acid has started at a very high rate. In the years after 2001 the price of imported adipic acid was maintained at RMB 9 000-11 000 per ton in the domestic market. The price of

Ethical Issues Regarding the Download of Movies and other Media

Question: Write an essay on ethical issues regarding the download of movies and other media. Answer: Introduction: - Ethical issues regarding the download of movies and other media content have raised extensive debates over whether the method called Piracy is ethical or not, besides its undecided regulation as a legislative offense. According to Jewkes Yar, (2013), the media personalities have found it analogous to stealing; while others have found it helpful on the grounds of distribution of access from multiple sources for the patrons. The essay is on the Intellectual Property ethical issue and the ethical analysis of piracy on various grounds. The scenario: - In Australia, downloading entertainment content is legal, as argued by Jon Lawrence of Electronic Frontiers Alliance and Geordie Guy because the downloader just gets a copy of the content, while the owner still has the copyrights to make duplicates and generate revenue. On the contrary, Robert Kirby labeled it as stealing, similar to leaving the bookstore without paying for the book that the visitor took and had favored the promulgation of legal oppose to it. However, downloading differs from theft because it does not completely strip the owner off his belonging. As pointed out by Attorney General George Brandis, Australia lacks legislation against "illegal" piracy, unlike many advanced nations. The case of piracy, raising various opinions and labeling, is a matter of Intellectual Property issue in ICT ethics (Life, News, crime, 2014). As discussed by Cornish, et al., (2013), Intellectual property refers to ones right to his brilliance. But, in the era of extensive ICT implementation, the control over intellectual property is loose bound and must be hardened for financial gains. The intellectual property lies on four domains, which are Patent, Copyright, Trademark, and Trade Secret. Patents: - They are the strongest of security, granted legally for the creation acquisition and trading of the property, for a long span. However, they have disadvantages like long expenses, technical complexity and widespread detailing for marketing (Merges et al., 2012). Copyright: - It is easy to obtain, and its infringement is illegal. As it protects the rights of speech and media, it is implemented for writings and music or theater industry (Merges et al., 2012). Trademark: - Trademark speaks for a product and makes it unique. Infringement of trademark results in legal suing and compensation. It prevents the counterfeit or replication of a product. Trade secret: - The riskiest of all, it binds a products rights to its owner, but if revealed, it can cause a huge loss. Reverse engineering replicates any and every product but not those with trade secrets (Merges et al., 2012). Intellectual property in classified as industrial products, which use the trademark, trade secrets, and patents and on the other hand, the music related and film or theater works, those have copyrights (Merges et al., 2012). The stakeholders: - The stakeholders in illegal download and piracy are discussed in the table below. Serial number Stakeholders Functions 1 Cybersquatters and framing They usurp the domain credentials of other domains mainly the domain name to extort revenues from the authorized website. Framing is the reproduction of the contents of another website. 2 The websites to download pirated content They carry either the pirated content or the links to the content without the copyright or censorship agreements 3 Stealth filmers They secretly film the screened movies 4 Hackers They intrude into the networks to leak the data for reproduction 5 The owners of the content, The production ownership right holders and the content distributors They get victimized and almost stripped of their revenue indirectly 6 The authorized channels and websites Though they hold copyright laws and streaming rights, they fail to remain the only source for the content 7 The common mass and the website visitors They access the unauthorized channels for gaining the content at lower subscriptions at intended time. 8 The government and the economy The government loses expected entertainment revenue and hs to undergo reforms and raised costs in Intellectual property security Table: - Stakeholders of piracy of Intellectual Property The ethical issues: - Serial number Stakeholders Actions and ethical context 1 Cybersquatters and framing Cybersquatters aim to generate higher revenue by using the reputation and success criteria of the original domain. It infringes the trademark and is unethical. Framing is also unethical on the grounds of reproduction by violating copyright regulations. 2 The websites to download pirated content The websites follow the practice of framing or carry the links to the content by breaching the copyright regulations. However, piracy is a concern of diverse ethical inferences. 3 Stealth filmers Screening of the artistry without permission is illegal and hence unethical. 4 Hackers They intrude into the networks to leak the data for reproduction Table: - Ethical issues of the actions of the stakeholders The non-ethical issues: - The nonethical issues include the contribution of the common mass and the website visitors to download the movies and content, along with the government and economy victims, which need no analysis. The consequences: - According to Fink et al., (2015), the consequences of the piracy of intellectual products are: - Reduction in the sale of new units: - The reduction in new unit's sale is mainly due to the lack of development investments for new products. Supply of new products: - The reduced sale of the new products like movies and soaps in this context, have resulted in reduced streaming of such works in separate channels. Access granted to the common patrons: - The website visitors and the patrons have access to download the media content from sources other than the streaming channel, either free or through lower subscriptions Legal debates: - Piracy has raised extensive debates among the government officials and the media personalities regarding various opinions and recommendations of fiscal penalties. Formation of laws to counter piracy: - Reformed techniques like keys and strongly defined digital policies other than the firm implementation of copyright are deployed. Ethical analysis: - Consequentialism theory: - Considering the utilitarianism factor in the Consequentialism theory, the piracy of the entertainment content may turn out to be cost-efficient on a large scale for the patrons, considering the fact that the Australians pay 400% for the media content. However, the cost blows to the media groups are very less as compared to the benefits gained by the patrons (Vaughn, 2015). Thus, the distribution of the complex-access content to the patrons at a lower price may defend piracy as an ethical issue. Just consequentialism theory: - In the context of this theory, the owners or the media groups and channels are not deprived of their creations and may generate reviews from the copies, and hence are not harmed in that manner. Piracy just provides a platform for multiple accesses for the patrons (Vaughn, 2015). Conclusion: - With the rise in the Information Technology field, the security of the information to be distributed has drawn widespread concerns regarding illegal sharing and downloading, commonly known as piracy. However, though not illegal, piracy has to be checked on legal grounds. But, keeping in mind the diversity in the ICT techniques in various nations, standardized laws must be introduced for fiscal penalties and prevention of intrusive cyber-crime in Intellectual Property domain. References: - Jewkes, Y., Yar, M. (Eds.). (2013).Handbook of Internet crime. Routledge. Life, D., News, D., crime, D. (2014). Downloading movies and TV is not a crime. The Sydney Morning Herald. Cornish, W., Llewelyn, G. I. D., Aplin, T. (2013). Intellectual property: patents, copyright, trade marks allied rights. Merges, R. P., Menell, P. S., Lemley, M. A. (2012). Intellectual property in the new technological age. Sell, S. K. (2013). Revenge of the Nerds: Collective action against intellectual property maximalism in the global information age.International Studies Review,15(1), 67-85. Laplume, A. O., Pathak, S., Xavier-Oliveira, E. (2014). The politics of intellectual property rights regimes: An empirical study of new technology use in entrepreneurship.Technovation,34(12), 807-816. Fink, C., Maskus, K. E., Qian, Y. (2015). The Economic Effects of Counterfeiting and Piracy: A Review and Implications for Developing Countries.The World Bank Research Observer, lkv010. Vaughn, L. (2015).Doing ethics: Moral reasoning and contemporary issues. WW Norton Company.